Instrumental and end values Essay

Values are one’s judgment of what is important in life. One way of considering values is in terms of instrumental and end values. Instrumental values are beliefs about the type of behavior appropriate for reaching certain goals. End values or sometimes called terminal values, are beliefs about the kind of goals or outcomes that are worth trying to pursue. This paper will evidently describe the primary concepts of each value while examining my personal list and rankings of five instrumental and end values most important to me. End vales can be categorized by two different aspects, personal and social. My end vales consist of equality, an exciting life, self-respect, a sense of accomplishment, and wisdom. The end values most important to me lean towards a more personal aspect, even though equality is considered a social end value according to Rokeach. Making necessary life decisions consider these five end values. Equality is definitely one of most important values in my life. Equality among friends and family has always been one of the major values in my life. An exciting life is necessary for one’s happiness and happiness leads to a positive aura surrounding an individual. Self-respect, a sense of accomplishment and wisdom are three aspects that are tied together. An individual needs to have self-respect and a sense of accomplishment to acquire wisdom. Instrumental values, according to Rokeach, fall in two categories as well; morality and competence. The means people use to achieve their goals might violate moral values like honesty, or violate one’s personal sense of competence and capability like become illogical. My five instrumental values include ambition, cleanliness, forgiveness, responsibility, and self- control. The instrumental values most important to me focuses more on competence than morality. These instrumental goals are key aspects that focus on pursuing one’s life goals. Honesty is the best policy. Honesty is one of the most important aspects in pursuing one’s goals in life. Ambition is also one of many important values in a goal oriented person. Ambition is required for one to achieve goals and be successful. Cleanliness and  responsibility are at an equal level of importance in my life. Cleanliness is associated with responsibility in numerous ways. One has to be responsible to keep oneself and one’s surroundings clean which leads to a happy lifestyle. Forgiveness and self-control are two keen values to one’s life as well. Self-control is very important to succeed in life. However, every individual has both instrumental and end values, every person differs in how they order the values into priorities, which accounts for tremendous variation among people. Comprehending one’s own values clarifies what is important, which is essential for effective leadership. Leaders can identify and comprehend value differences to improve communication and effectiveness. Instrumental and end values are both essential in achieving goals and having a successful life whether it is a personal end value and social end value or morality instrumental value and competence instrumental value. This paper described and listed five instrumental and end value and their importance in one’s life. Values are fundamental beliefs that an individual considers to be important that have an impact on attitudes and behavior.

Hockey in Canada: The Nation’s Passion

Hockey In Canada: A Nations Passion Culminating Activity: Canadian History Essay In 1994, the Canadian Federal Government compromised and voted to make hockey Canada's national winter sport, and lacrosse Canada's national summer sport. Which sport should be named Canada's true national sport? Sport should be named Canada's true national sport? It Is Important to know which sport should be named Canada's true national sport because of its relevance in focusing to improve Canada's athletic skills.By knowing the sport, it will help determine the sport Canada should emphasis upon to be more successful. It Is believed that hockey should be named Canada's national sport due to the appreciation that Canadians have toward their winter climate and well-known winter sports. Also, hockey has maintained Its status as the most popular sport in Canada, while encouraging many women to participate. These reasons are believed to be the major factors that contribute to why hockey should be titled Cana da's true national sport. The history of modern hockey goes as far back as the early sass's.Many regions have claimed to be the birthplace of hockey, but the best-supported cases re in Windsor, Nova Scotia, and Kingston, Ontario, which hold by far the earliest written accounts of a game that has ever been played. Many assumptions were then made that hockey first originated within these three clues. When you think of Canada, what is the first thing that comes into your mind? For many individuals it is hockey. A country's climate has big influences on the type of athletic activities that can occur. In Canada, the climate revolves around cold and bitter weather, which can last up to half a year.Fortunately one of the many advantages is the ability to pursue any of Canada's winter sports such as skiing, snowboarding, bobsledding, figure skating, and most importantly hockey. As a result, it is not a surprise to Canadians when managing to score highly in many of the winter Olympics; in fa ct many Canadians often take this for granted. As seen on February 28, 2010, at the Vancouver winter Olympics, Sydney Crosby stated on CATV â€Å"l just shot it, I didn't really see it to be honest. † This of course, was after the terrific win team Canada pulled against the united States.The victory of this hockey game once again, caused Canadians to legalize the beauty of how successful Its winter sports became. The landscape and weather conditions also contribute to the significance of hockey in the nation. Although it is estimated that there are approximately 2500 indoor and outdoor hockey rinks in Canada, many Canadians still build their own backyard ice rink on behalf of the passion for this sport. Adam shepherd grew up playing hockey, and now with his own family In Whites, Ontario, he wanted to share his experience with his children.Adam states, â€Å"l get real enjoyment watching my kids out here having fun. † 1 OFF January and February, and that's when the weat her is coldest. † Luckily Canada's climate allows the building of an outdoor skating rink to be successful. Tremor, Dam's 9 year old son stated that he loves to be outside playing hockey with his family, and that the cold never bothers him. Hockey plays an important role in people's lives whether winning a gold medal, being able to build hockey rinks, or spending quality time with family.Hockey has become more than Just a sport in Canada; over a period of time, it has become a huge part of Canadian Culture. In the eighth game of he 1972 summit series, Canadians practically came to a standstill as everyone wanted to see the outcome of the final game between Soviet Union and Canada. As a result, Canada pulled another big victory, and after this day hockey became an even more popular sport. Canadian â€Å"Hockey Night† as seen on CB sports airs every Saturday night. Since 1998, more than four million Canadians tune in to watch this show.The number of sales for televisions has increased by the value of seven billion dollars since the year 2000, due to the influence of this shows popularity to improve the development of technology. This is one of the positive impacts toward Canada's economy, which has caused many technological companies to rise. Also, hockey night is a great way for families to bond while supporting Canadian radios such as CB whom broadcasts details about regular hockey games. Another aspect is the number of viewers that watch Canada's hockey games, for example the number of viewers who watched the U.S vs.. Canada hockey game at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. As said before, the love and support for this sport is undeniable which influences its fame. Family and friends that have gathered together to watch this special game caused a hit of 27. 6 million views; one of Canada's most viewed hockey games in all time. Generally, these reasons verify the admiration Canadians have toward hockey. 0 When looking back in Canadian history, women wer e not known for independence as men were considered â€Å"persons† while women were not.This did not come to an end until 1929, when Emily Murphy took action and brought the persons case to court. Although some action had been taken, it did not prevent women's stereotype during the sass's. At that time, it was necessary for women to have feminine qualities, which included the disability to play â€Å"masculine sports. † Hockey was one of the most influential sports that encouraged many individuals to take a step toward women's rights. Canada's national women's hockey team has been on the world stage, winning nine world titles, three Olympic gold medals and twelve 3 nations/nations cups.Its successful Journey has caused its reputation to rise internationally with their only losses being against United States and Sweden. Cassia Campbell, a professional hockey player on Canada's women's hockey team says â€Å"In 1998 we went to the first ever Olympic for women's hockey, and as a Canadian hockey player and Canadian hockey team we were by far the favorites going in, and we lost. We brought home a silver medal and felt like we let down our entire country; we were embarrassed and extremely disappointed.I remember I ran into a great Canadian speed skater Susan Such, when she congratulated me on the silver medal. While seeing the disappointment in my eyes, Susan said something to me that I'll never forget â€Å"do you know how many people in this world don't get a chance to be Olympic athletes, and how many Olympic athletes don't get a chance to be medalist? I realized what we big reason to why we won gold in Salt Lake City in 2002. † This inspiring speech given by Cassia motivated women all over Canada to never give up on their dreams, even if it meant challenging women's stereotype.Although it did take time, hockey is the only sport in Canada that truly represents a successful women's sport team. Long story short, hockey is indispensable to Cana da and its people. Women are better – respected because of the success of its hockey team, while technological industries broadcasting about this sport are emerging. Families bond whether by playing cocky outside their own backyard rink or by watching hockey night together. It is evident that hockey has an essential role in Canadians lives and should be titled Canada's true national sport because of the reasons stated in this piece.

Standard Of Proof And Hearsay Rule Law General Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2323 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The legal burden is defined as the burden of proving facts which is determined by a fact finder. In this instance as it is a criminal case the fact finder would be a magistrate or the jury. In criminal law the prosecution has to prove the legal burden of proving every element of the offence charged and has to disprove any defences raised beyond reasonable doubt as illustrated in the case of Woolmington V DPP (1935).  [1]  The legal burden of proof would have to be proven by the prosecution. This means that the prosecution has to prove the incident has occurred to obtain a valid conviction. This is shown by the concept of the golden thread by Viscount Sankey where he stated: No matter what the charge or where the trial, the principle that the prosecution must prove the guilt of the prisoner is part of the common law of England and no attempt to whittle it down can be entertained. The defence that was raised has to be disproved by the prosecution, to the party t rying the fact i.e. judge or jury to decide if the legal burden is discharged. The rule is part of a policy to avoid embarrassing criticism by minimising wrongful convictions which are more likely to be avoided if the burden is preset in this way than if an accused needs to prove there innocence. It can also be justified via appeal.  [2] There has to be a standard of proof and there are two types. Firstly if the prosecution has to prove something then they must do it beyond reasonable doubt. Secondly if the defence has to prove something they do it on a lower standard on the balance of probabilities. The standard of proof necessary to discharge the burden of proof relates to the legal and not evidential burden. If a standard of proof is not reached then the party holding the legal burden will lose. It is put in place for the prosecution for a sense of assurance, which is illustrated by the case of Miller V Minister Of Pensions (1947)  [3]  whereby Lord Denning stated: If th e evidence is so strong against a man as to leave only a remote possibility in his favour the case is proved beyond reasonable doubt.  [4]  It is put in place for the defence on the balance of probabilities, which is illustrated in the case of Carr-Briant (1943).  [5] In relation to the given facts a computer produced document which contains a register of all persons which are authorised to invest in businesses in the United Kingdom kept under the Financial Provisions and Services Act 2010. The above mentioned document does not contain the banks name which is Credit Crunch Bank; Megarich declared that his adverts are approved by the Credit Crunch Bank which he assumed was an authorised person under the act. Firstly Megarich has to show his approved advert by Credit Crunch Bank and secondly that the named bank is an authorised person under the act. Such burden falls on the appellant to prove. Megarich is in possession of authorised copy which was issued to the Credit Crunch Bank under the act, this is a piece of vital evidence which will help prove that Credit Crunch bank is an authorised person under the above mentioned act but this burden lies on Megarich to prove this fact which will have to be proven to the jury and convince the jurors beyond reasonable doubt that this is the case. The piece of evidence in issue is vital to the defence and prosecution. The type of evidence is of a documentary nature which is inadmissible due to it being hearsay evidence. If there is any authorisation stamp this will be hearsay like in the case of Patel (1965)  [6]  where the words Produce Of Morocco was stamped on the bags and this was held to be hearsay. In the given facts Grass who is currently seriously ill and will not be able to give evidence was a previous employee of Megarich made a statement to the police investigator stating that Megarich was keen on expanding business in the United Kingdom and wanted to make sure that Megarichs adverts issued in Ho ng Kong reached the United Kingdom. This evidence will be against Megarich relied on by the prosecution. The argument raised by Megarich is that some of his adverts did not appear on the United Kingdom video screens and not directed at persons in the United Kingdom. It is the duty of the prosecution to prove under s1(3) of the act to show that the advertisements even if there were issued outside of the United Kingdom were directed to persons in the United Kingdom. The evidence produced in relation to Grass hearsay evidence will be produced merely because he will not be giving oral evidence. Such type of evidence will admitted under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 s116 this is merely because the witness is unavailable. A statement can be admissible under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 s116 if oral evidence is admissible and the person who has made the statement is identified and there is a valid reason which must be specified in relation to why the person who has made the statement c annot attend. In relation to Grass who is seriously ill he satisfies all the conditions because he is unfit to be a witness because of his bodily or mental condition. In the given problem were Megarich is charged in the United Kingdom for an advert inviting investors to purchase shares in Hong Kong without the approval of an authorised person. The prosecution will have to prove that this crime has been committed like in the case of Westminister City Council V Croyalgrange Ltd (1986)  [7]  in this case the House Of Lords held that s101 was inapplicable because of the exception in the question qualified the prohibition created by para 6 and not the offence created by para 20(1). The prosecution had to prove this and they had to prove that the directors of the company did know that no licence was held or obtained by the tenant which was illustrated in the case of Environmental Agency V ME Foley Contractors Ltd (2002)  [8]  . The classification of crime contains elements t hat have to be proven these types of elements are referred to as general burden and each element may be referred to as specific proof burdens. For example if the offence of theft was committed the specific burdens of the offence would be intention to permanently deprive of a belonging which belongs to another, dishonesty and appropriation. The defendant may satisfy the specific burden but the general burden never shifts and will remain on the prosecution this is due to the European Court Of Human Rights Art 6 which protects the common law principle which is known as the presumption of innocence. Once the defence have fulfilled the criteria of burden, the standard of proof is on the balance of probabilities. The standard of proof and burden of each element is generally defined at the beginning of each trial. This is illustrated in the case of Braithwaite (1983)  [9]  where Lord Lane stated: The effect of that is that when the matters in that section have been fulfilled, the bu rden of proof is lifted from the shoulders of the prosecution and descends upon the shoulders of the defence. It then becomes necessary for the defendant to show, on the balance of probabilities, that what was going on was not reception corruptly as inducement or reward. Lord Mustil stated: For the dispute involves two separate issues, each with its own burden of proof, which remains unchanged throughout the course of the action. This was clarified in the case of Brady V Lotus Cars (1987)  [10]  . According to the writings in Evidence The Fundamentals Phil Huxley stated the following in relation to the case of Brady V Lotus Cars (1987)  [11]  that the specific burden of proving that he did not receive any corrupted gifts which was always on the defendant, although such burden did not have to be discharged until it was engaged, the prosecution had to prove that the gift was received corruptly. In relation to the given problem if Megarich states that there is no answe rs to the question then it is the role of the prosecution to provide more evidence which is known as evidential burden. The evidential burden is defined as merely a burden to produce evidence. It is the burden of adducing evidence or raising an arguable case. At the start of a trial, the prosecution has the evidential burden to produce evidence on every element of the offence charged. If the prosecution cannot raise a prima facie case the defence will succeed in a submission of no case to answer this process is known as passing the judge. In the case of Jayasena (1970)  [12]  the prosecution failed to discharge the evidential burden and the accused was acquitted merely because every element of the offence was not proven. On the other hand a more onerous burden may fall on the defendant whereby they rely on a defence which goes by a mere denial of the prosecution case. The standard definition of the Hearsay Rule is found in the widely used Blacks Law Dictionary which states: A statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Hearsay evidence is testimony in court of a statement made out of court, the statement being offered as an assertion to show the truth of the matter therein, and thus resting for its value upon the credibility of the out of court asserter. Evidence not proceeding from the personal knowledge of the witness, but from the mere repetition of what he has heard others say. Hearsay can be identified by applying the following rules; that is hearsay is anything said or written outside the courtroom, if it is being used to prove the truth of what is contained in those words or writing. A valuable case to look at is R V McLean (1967)  [13]  in this case the Court Of Appeal found with considerable reluctance, that the witnesss testimony was inadmissible hearsay. There is one Australian case, were hearsay was again not admissible. The ca se is Miller V Wertheim And Rothman (2001)  [14]  in this case, Ms Miller alleged that Mr Wertheim the outgoing president of the New South Jewish Society, made a speech which vilified and intimidated Jewish people. The evidence of the speech was objected by the respondents on the basis that it was hearsay. The respondents were wholly successful in their application to dismiss the principal application and were prima facie entitled to an order for cost. In this case there objection was successful because they would not allow the speech and said that indeed that it was hearsay, since it was an out of court statement.  [15] The Evidence Act now also provides that in any criminal proceedings a computer generated document of any statement contained in such document is admissible in evidence of any fact stated therein. It is because of this that to considerable extent particularly in civil cases these problems have been resolved by statutory in intervention in the form of The Cri minal Justice Act 1988 and the Civil Evidence Act 1995. These are the certain extent to which the rule of hearsay can be admissible in court as evidence. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 s114(1) abolished the common law rules which govern admissibility of hearsay in criminal proceedings. There are eight common law exceptions to the rule excluding hearsay which are governed under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 s118(1). Oral and documentary hearsay are admissible subject to certain conditions under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 s114-117. Evidence falls into the category of hearsay when it is not of a direct nature. Direct evidence means that the person that made the statement has to testify. The next step is to classify the evidence as either first hand or multiple- hearsay. First hand is hearing the relevant evidence personally and multiple-hearsay is the opposite of first hand but hearing it from someone who heard it from the relevant person. The maker of a statement cannot be cro ss examined this right is contained is the European Court Of Human Rights Art 6 the person who makes the statement is not on oath whilst making the statement, the courts cannot make a conclusion on credibility, so therefore it is not considered best evidence. In relation to the given problem the prosecution carry the evidential burden. On the other hand if the defendant carries the legal burden in proving insanity and other issues the defence will also bear the evidential burden in relation to such issues.  [16]  Grass who is seriously ill and is unable to give evidence, it is now up to the courts discretion whether or not to accept the documents, if the documents are not accepted then it is not admissible. Under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 s117 the court can refuse to admit the documents under certain circumstances.  [17] In the given facts in relation to the computer containing documents in a criminal trial of evidence contained on or created by a computer, this is g iven as hearsay evidence which is of great significance. Hearsay is a statement made by a person other than someone giving oral evidence in the proceedings, this is generally not admissible in criminal proceedings as evidence of opinion or any fact contained in the statement. This rule is highly relevant in relation to computer documents merely because it is not always possible to identify who created the documents.  [18] The admissibility of documents and business are dealt under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 s117 this section applies to hearsay where the information is provided by a human being. In relation to Grass who is ill and cannot provide evidence it is better for the person who provided the information in the document which contains hearsay to be called to give oral evidence in relation to the information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Standard Of Proof And Hearsay Rule Law General Essay" essay for you Create order

The Great Depression is The Worst Economic Downturn - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 365 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/03 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? In 1929 the worst economic downturn in history took place. The Great Depression sent the world in a downward spiral. The hardship and trauma suffered through the Great Depression can be connected to overproduction of product, buying on margin and installment buying. Body #1: The overproduction of product took down business and then the economy. Overproduction is the production is the process of producing more product than can be bought by consumers.The majority of the population in 1929 was living on a $2000-1000 income, with $2000 marking the poverty line. (Doc 2) With most of the population only able to barley to provide for themselves and their family, they werent able to buy lots of food or any luxury items. Farmers also were widely impacted, they were growing too many crops and not enough people were purchasing them. This caused prices of wheat and cotton to drop, putting farmers further and further in debt. (Doc. 3) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Great Depression is The Worst Economic Downturn" essay for you Create order Body #2: Buying on margin led to the downfall of the stock market and ultimately the Great Depression. To buy on margin is to borrow money from a broker to buy stock, almost like a loan. This process was a danger that could not be stopped. It allowed prices to be further depressed and compelled more stocks to be dropped on the market. (Doc 4) The value of stock bought fluctuates putting brokers and banks in bad positions, they were unprotected and had no way of stopping the flow of money leaving them. Body #3: Installment buying is a payment plan which you will end up fully paying in a set period of time. Everyone would buy on installment with debt no longer seen as shameful. 60% of all automobiles and furniture were bought on installment plans. (Doc 1) With nobody paying full price for products up front, business were losing money waiting for them to pay off their plans. This inevitably caused the reduction of prices and the loss of so much money, overall tearing down the economy even further. Conclusion: The damage done during the Great Depression can be contributed to overproduction, buying on margin and installment buying. This was time of suffering and survival for most. Without these contributions, the world itself would be completely different.

Advantages Of Authentic Leadership Style - 2102 Words

4 Advantages and disadvantages of authentic leadership Authentic leadership, although still a new theory, has been closely reviewed and analysed. Many of its proponents focus on the positive advantages the leadership style can provide to an organisation, while critics point out to some obvious failings in the approach. Let’s turn out attention to both arguments. Advantages of authentic leadership One of the first benefits of authentic leadership is the enhanced relational engagement it brings about. Since the focus is on objectives and a person’s inner behaviours and values, the leader is more able to maintain trust and cohesion among the group. The focus is on empowering the employees and guiding them through the tasks in an empathetic and honest manner. George points out to this importance of trust in True North. He points to the examples of Enron, WorldCom and Tyco and the CEOs who â€Å"put their companies at risk by focusing on the trappings and spoils of leadership†. George went on to write how trust is not built by trying to appear authentic or caring, but highlighting one’s inner values. The relational engagement is closely related to the second positive of authentic leadership: it’s ability to build positive and rewarding relationships. The focus on employee-leader relations is on the development and on listening to people’s ideas and thoughts. The open relationship, which doesn’t mean everything is always happiness and agreement, creates an authentic environment,Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior, Leadership, And Leadership1321 Words   |  6 Pages In any organization, it’s extremely important for the people in leadership roles to possess a strong leadership role. 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What role did self-awareness play in Sally’s story of leadership? Throughout her journey, Sally’s self-awareness made her into an authentic leader she is. Self-awareness is having a personal insight of one’s self, and as Sally was being aware of her strength and weaknesses; she understood herself and what she clearly wanted. She was able to grasp her traits and characteristic, both her assets and flaws to her advantage. Sally also concentrated on herRead MoreThe Leadership Intervention Strategies For Rebuild Team Morale And Effectiveness1681 Words   |  7 Pagescritically evaluate the leadership intervention strategies available for Karina to rebuild team morale and effectiveness. Resolution In order to ameliorate such a situation, it is essential for Karina to recognize and interpret the nature of the obstacle and then implement corresponding intervention strategy (Joshevska and Petkovski 2014). 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Dostoevsky - Notes from Underground free essay sample

The narrator decides upon actions that may directly oppose his true interests for the sole reason of proving that he is an unpredictable man who enjoys his own free will and ability to make voluntary decisions of his own, without being restrained by the ideas of rationality and reason. A particular profit (advantage) is revealed in the narrators philosophical ranting that describes mans ability to decide to act in an unpredictable manner. The narrator challenges the definition of profit saying, â€Å"What is profit? Will you take it upon yourself to define with perfect exactitude precisely what man’s profit consists in? † (Dostoevsky 21), and continues by introducing his idea of an overlooked advantage that is so important that all the other advantages rely upon it. He describes this masochistic advantage, questioning â€Å"And what if it so happens that on occasion mans profit sometimes not only may, but precisely must consist precisely in sometimes wishing what is bad for himself, and not what is profitable? † (21). We will write a custom essay sample on Dostoevsky Notes from Underground or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This abnormal advantage refers to an individuals freedom, the ability to choose, when given multiple options, a detrimental course of action over a more favorable option with the intention that one may demonstrate their free will, in order to express that they are unpredictable and refuse to be easily categorized and stereotyped by others. The common desires such as prosperity, wealth, freedom, and peace cannot possibly describe the complex needs of the human mind, and if there was a way to study desires in such a complex method, it would severely limit the feeling of free will and personality that an individual possesses. My questions for the Underground Man would be this: What if someday they really do discover the formula for all our desires and whims or the thing that governs them? What if they found the precise laws that produce them, how exactly theyre applied, where they lead in each and every case? I think that the Underground Man would reply saying that if they found the genuine mathematical formula, then all at once man might stop desiring, and he probably would. I don’t necessarily agree with this. Who would want to desire according to some table? It would make desire completely predictable and consequently less desirable. Desire, in this sense, is directly related to our nature. The narrator uses the example of a toothache (15) to explain why he hates the laws of nature. Like the laws of nature, a toothache is something that causes us pain but that we have no control over. The only response to this powerlessness is spite. If we listen to the moans of a cultured man with a toothache, we will realize that he is moaning only out of spite, to annoy himself and others. The consciousness of ones powerlessness against the laws of nature is humiliating, so no one with consciousness can ever respect himself. A conscious human being can only act by deceiving himself. Men of action can act because they think they have reasons for acting. Anyone with consciousness, however, can see that there are never good reasons for acting. For example, one may try to seek revenge out of a sense of justice, but when one thinks about justice, one sees that there is really no such thing. The laws of nature are responsible for everything. People with consciousness can act only by deceiving themselves into thinking they have reason to act, but later they will hate themselves for this deception. People with consciousness, then, can never do anything, so they are overtaken by inertia and get very bored. I completely agree with the Underground Man’s thoughts here. I believe that people are attention-seeking by nature. So, considering moaning for a certain injury, who is it really for? I don’t believe moaning is a natural occurrence due to pain. It has to be, then, a way for others to notice the pain, and give attention in response. Is it really in their best interest to be attention-seeking? The Underground Man claims that throughout history, human beings have consistently done things that were obviously not in their best interests. There must be some other interest that is even more advantageous than peace and prosperity. He goes on to say that utopian theories are just logical exercises with no grounding in reality. The utopians argue that science will show that human beings are nothing more than piano keys under the control of the laws of nature and will teach them to act according to those laws. Once everyone is enlightened and utopia is attained, the crystal palace can be built. The Underground Man responds that such a world would be very rational and boring and someone would certainly destroy it despite all its advantages. What human beings need is not rational desire, but their own desire. Utopian theories ignore the human need to make independent decisions, based on nothing more than ones own whims and free will. When physiological science starts to break down what affects the human condition, people lose their feeling of freedom, and will act in any self-destructive way in order to preserve what free will they have left. Speaking on this subject, the narrator claims that â€Å"If you say that all this, the chaos and darkness and cursing, can also be calculated according to a little table, so that the mere possibility of a prior calculation will put a stop to it all and reason will claim its own- then he will deliberately go mad for the occasion, so as to do without reason and have his own way! † (31). The mathematic properties that have been set as law are restraining peoples free will, and people will go crazy just to retain it. The narrator describes this in his â€Å"two times two† analogy. He asks what sort of free choice will there be when it comes down to tables and arithmetic, when all thats left is two times two makes four? Two times two makes four even without my will. Is that what you call free choice? (31). In order to demonstrate his discretion and unpredictable nature, the narrator suddenly bewilders his audience by announcing that what he stated before had been nothing more than a poor attempt at a joke. He states, â€Å"Gentlemen, Im joking, of course, and I myself know that I am not joking very successfully, but one really cannot take everything as a joke† (32). I do not know exactly how much information he had been joking about, possibly the two previous chapters, four chapters, or the entire work. I can even be speculate that the narrator was never actually joking, but isnt confident enough to admit to the claims that he has made. Either way, his shot at humor, though hard to understand, humanizes him; and it exhibits yet another contradicting statement. The narrator leads into another confusing announcement when he proclaims â€Å"Even this would be better here: if I myself believed at least something of all I’ve just written. For I swear to you, gentlemen, that I do not believe a word†¦ I sense and suspect that Im lying like a cobbler. † (37). By combining this with the previously mentioned joke statement, and assuming that both statements are meant literally, they create a double negative, canceling each other out. This reverses everything that he has claimed. Why would he do this? Would this be no more than another example of the advantage or profit he previously described? Is this his self- sabotaging method of being unpredictable? Without jumping to conclusions, a following passage illustrates how the narrator believes a reader might react to his writings. I feel that Dostoevsky believes that there is some truth in people but no chastity. Consequently, they bring their truth out into the open and they shame it. This means that they really want to say something, but conceal their final word out of fear because they lack the resolve to say it and are cowardly. By now, the narrator may seem that he is cowardly in coming out and saying exactly what he wants to, and instead dances around it by distracting his audience with statements to detract from the serious nature of his arguments, and the readers response only furthers that theory. Through this interpretation, the previous areas where the narrator proclaims that he is either joking or lying are rendered meaningless. So why would he include statements to intentionally mislead the reader? For no other reason than to demonstrate his free will. All that he writes are his, and only his, writings and he is free to do whatever he pleases with them. If he wants to deliberately include passages that contradict what he has already stated, he may do so. This freedom he shows in his writing is directly related to his idea of the free will advantage that he deems so important. Obviously, just the fact that the narrator includes such a response to his writing within his argument proves this to be correct. My favorite part of Notes from Underground is Dostoevsky’s popular phrase that states â€Å"The ends justify the means†. I think he means that this is an excuse used often by individuals whose motives may be questioned. Through his method of writing, the narrator renders this phrase ineffective, while raising a question of the phrase itself. Why do the means even have to be justified at all? The narrator shows that he can decide upon actions that may oppose his interests to prove that he is an unpredictable man with a free will and ability to make voluntary decisions of his own, without the need to justify them with reason. We should all be this way.

Slavery an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Slavery To be honest, its quite a complicated task for the person, whos always lived as a free human being to imagine a situation, where she is deprived of all of her constitutional rights. In my apprehension slavery is when the person does not have the rights for her life, she doesnt have a right to breathe, eat and walk. Some may object that every human born has these rights, but, as I see it, knowing that you can be murdered at any moment (and the master of the slave could deprive him/her of his/her life at any moment) is equal to living without these rights. Need essay sample on "Slavery" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed When I put myself in the position of the slave, I feel that my life path would be very different from that of Ms. Holmes, whom I choose as an object of comparison. The differences in our life paths would be determined, at first, by our social and educational backgrounds. She notes that her parents were uneducated, and we can conclude from her narrative that, moreover, they were illiterate. Meantime, both my parents have a degree, their level of education and, thus, cultural development is much higher. The next difference is that its obvious that my parents were able to provide me more attention than Ms. Holmes got from her mother and father. The slaves had to work all the day long, they were very tired, and the only thing that interested most of them was the survival of their descendants. They had no opportunity and no time to take care of feelings, desires and hidden dreams of their children; they couldnt provide them needed love, attention and care to let their kids feel they were loved. Thus, as its clearly seen from Ms. Holmess narrative, they werent very emotional towards their kids. At those times it was no wonder when most children in the family didnt manage to live up to their teens. The attitudes of my parents towards me were different, so that my life as a slave would very different altogether. It is seen from the narrative that the protagonists wasnt dissatisfied with her position. She was born as a slave, and she didnt know any other fate except that of the slave. In the same time if I were a slave it would be a very harmful situation for me, as from my earliest years I was taught that no one has the right to decide for you, and to deprive you of constitutional freedoms. It is also that I was raised by more educated parents, and Im more educated myself than Ms. Holmes was at the times she described, thus I would feel miserable realizing the horror of the situation I would be in. From the narrative it is clearly seen that the protagonist never made an attempt to change her position. And, I will repeat myself, it was normal for her, as she was the victim of the persuasion created by the whites, of the superiority of white nation over all other, and especially blacks (Jordan, 1995). In the same time I was taught that all people have equal rights, and it doesnt depend from the color of their hear, eyes or skin, or stature, thus the idea that people with complexion other than mine are somehow superior would seem absurd to me. Its obvious that I would rebel against my position, thus my life story would be different. Another difference would lie in my personal life. Ms. Holmes narrates that she doesnt know why she married her husband, it was just living together like cats and dogs. For me such a position is unacceptable, I would choose my companion carefully, as I dont want to live with someone just because all people do it, or just because of my instincts. In the same time, the death of my children would cause much harder trauma to me than it did to Ms. Holmes. I am not used to children dying at early age just because of absence of medicaments, food, or clothing, and it would make me feel desperate and helpless. I suppose that if I were a slave, I would do my best to find the way to get out of this situation. I would put all the efforts to gain freedom, either with labor, or by force. To be honest, I would be a very bad slave, because, unlike poor Ms. Holmes, Ive tasted the spirit of freedom with my first breath in this world. Reference Cowper, W. (2003). William Cowper: Selected Poems. Routledge Jordan, W. (1995). White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Ms. Holmes. "Father Gave Her to His White People After the War". Rawick, G. (ed). (1972-79). The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press; vol. 18: 175-180